Historic Building Details

HB Ref No:
HB16/22/004 D

Address :
4 Charlemont Square West Bessbrook Co. Armagh BT35 7AF

Townland:
Clogharevan

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Survey 2:
B2

Date of Listing:
15/05/1981 00:00:00

Date of De-listing:

Current Use:
House - Terrace

Former Use
House - Terrace

Conservation Area:
Yes

Industrial Archaeology:
No

Vernacular:
No

Thatched:
No

Monument:
No

Derelict:
No

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OS Map No:
266/1NE

IG Ref:
J0472 2860

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Owner Category

Exterior Description And Setting

Two-storey two-bay mid-Victorian terraced house, built c.1862 to designs by an unknown architect. Rectangular plan form facing northeast with a large two-storey rear return, added c.2002. No. 4 Charlemont Square West is one of twenty-five similar houses which, together with a larger two storey with attic level shop building to the SE (HB16/22/004A), form the western terrace of Charlemont Square: a formally designed mid-Victorian square consisting of 66 buildings in total, arranged on three sides around a central green, primarily accessed from Fountain Street to the Southeast. Generally random-coursed rock-faced local Newry Granodiorite walling with painted red brick dressings; painted stone cills and stepped red brick surrounds to gauged-brick cambered door and window opes (door and window heads generally now squared off with painted smooth cement render). Pitched natural slate roof with angled black clay ridge tiles, rectangular-section red brick chimney to NW, with two terracotta pots. Flush eaves with red brick corbel course; uPVC RWGs with half-round guttering discharging to circular section downpipes. Principal elevation The front elevation is near symmetrical and faces NE being flush with the main terrace of houses. Modest sized paved front yard is enclosed by concrete dwarf walling topped by plain hooped painted metal railings, with a similar foot gate hung on slim posts to SE. A paved path from the gate leads to a panelled painted timber door to the SE of the facade; two glazed panels to upper half and square headed fanlight above door. Window to NW side. Facade has a regular fenestration pattern; two windows to FF level in line with GF openings having double hung 1/1 sliding timber sash windows with window horns. Northwest elevation Building is attached on the NW to No. 5 Charlemont Square West (HB16/22/004E). Southwest elevation Rear elevation faces SW consisting of a single bay two-storey pitched roof rear return at SE, projecting into rear yard, having a single top opening casement window to FF and a three part window to GF level both facing SW. Rear return is abutted by a single storey monopitch block extending to NW boundary housing rear entrance on SW; panelled painted timber door with two glazed upper panels. Planked painted timber door leads from rear access route to narrow yard. Generally rough cast cement rendered finish and uPVC top opening casement windows to facade. Yard boundary walling and GF level of rear return both have smooth cement render finishes. Rear return has fibre cement roof tiles, uPVC facia, planked soffit and RWGs. Southeast elevation To the SE the building is attached to No. 3 Charlemont Square West (HB16/22/004C). Setting No. 4 forms part of Charlemont Square West; being part of a planned arrangement of 66 mill workers dwellings and shops comprising a formal square composed of East, North and West terraces arranged around a central green; each house being set back from the perimeter public road and footpath with a modest sized front yard typically enclosed by dwarf walling topped by hooped metal railings. Terraces to the East and West are initially stepped in groups of two dwellings respecting the subtle relief of the site. Generally a larger rear yard to each dwelling is enclosed by random coursed rubble stone walling, having a square-headed door opening onto wide rear access route. Rear facades are much altered with various extensions of different shapes and size. Front facades are nearly uniform along East and West terraces with five larger buildings to the SE of Charlemont Square East (HB16/22/001A-E) and one to the SE of Charlemont Square West (HB16/22/004A) having traditional shop fronts at GF level and dwellings above. The northern terrace (HB16/22/003A-H) is the shortest being only 8 houses in width; although these buildings are distinctly larger two-and-a-half storey paired buildings. Central area of square is now laid to lawn and enclosed by hooped galvanized metal railings with some established trees at its boundary. A children's playground is located to the SE and includes a monument to the installation of electric lighting in 1911 (HB16/22/026); Bessbrook's War Memorial (HB16/22/038) is centrally located to the SE of the playground. Materials: Roof: Natural slate RWGs: uPVC Walling: Newry Granodiorite Windows: timber sash and uPVC casements

Architects

Historical Information

Charlemont Square, a mid-Victorian village square comprising 66 dwellings arranged along its north, west and eastern sides, was established between 1862 and 1866. The square was constructed as part of the industrial development of the village of Bessbrook which was undertaken by the Richardson family from the 1840s. The development of industry in the area dates from 1761 when the first woollen mill and bleach green were opened by a Mr. John Pollock. The site was simply known as ‘The Green’ but was renamed Bessbrook after Pollock’s wife Elizabeth (Bess) and the nearby Camlough River (Brook). The first edition Ordnance Survey map records that few buildings had been erected at Bessbrook by the 1830s. The only significant structures to be depicted upon that map were Mount Caulfield House (the residence of the Nicholson family – see HB16/22/024) and a number of thread manufactories and bleach mills. The village of Bessbrook was effectively founded in 1845 when John Grubb Richardson (1813-1891), a linen merchant from Lambeg, purchased one of the derelict mills at the site and began to build housing for his factory workers in the immediate vicinity. Richardson, in his own words, ‘had a great aversion to be responsible for a factory population in a large town, so on looking around, fixed upon a place near Newry … with water power and a thick population around, and in a country district where flax was cultivated in considerable quantities’ (Harrison, p. 50). Bessbrook was established as a ‘model village’ in a number of phases beginning with the laying out of Fountain Street in the 1840s. The architect of the majority of the housing in Bessbrook is not known, however Richardson’s layout of the village was influenced by the work of William Penn, an American Quaker who had been responsible for the planning and development of Philadelphia in the late-17th century. Richardson was also a member of the Religious Society of Friends and, according to Harrison, possessed a ‘typical Quaker mix of pragmatic and altruistic expectation to provide jobs and good working conditions for his employees.’ By providing his workers with good standards of living Richardson hoped to ensure good relationships between employers and the employed. He therefore established the village as a social experiment where his workers could both live and work in contentment. Harrison states that Richardson’s philanthropic spirit led him to bring the poor, the unqualified and beggars from the surrounding countryside to work and live at Bessbrook, hoping that he could encourage them to improve themselves and excise old habits. Bessbrook is often referred to as a village without the ‘Three P’s’ due to Richardson’s stipulation that there would be no ‘Public House’ or ‘Pawn Shop’ in the settlement and therefore no need for ‘Police’ to be stationed there. In exchange for keeping the village free of alcohol Richardson provided recreational and educational facilities at the Institute (HB16/22/009), a number of well-stocked shops (located at nos 1-5 Charlemont Square East) and also had milk, tea and cocoa distributed to his mill workers. The strategy was effective as the majority of the population voted to preserve the ordinance in the 1870s and, to this day, there remains no public house at Bessbrook. Police were not stationed at the village until the turn of the 20th century (Harrison; Brett, p. 243). In 1863 Richardson became the sole owner of the Bessbrook Spinning Company following the purchase of his brother’s shares in the company. The local linen industry experienced a boom during the American Civil War (1861-65) as access to American cotton was cut off. Richardson took advantage of this opportunity by greatly enlarging his factory at Bessbrook whilst also increasing the size of his workforce. Lord Charlemont sold the remainder of the Camlough Estate to Richardson in 1865 and so by the mid-1860s Richardson was the main employer and the principal landowner at Bessbrook. Richardson had Charlemont Square laid out between 1862 and 1866 to accommodate the influx of new workers to the factory; between 1861 and 1871 the population of Bessbrook rose from 637 to 2,215 with the number of houses rising from 73 to 296 (Harrison, pp 100-101). Brett states that Charlemont Square formed the centrepiece of the new developments at Bessbrook. The two and two-and-a-half-storey houses were constructed along the north, west and eastern sides of an open green which was intended to be used as a recreational space (a tennis ground was depicted within the green on the Ordnance Survey Town Plan of 1906). The architect of the houses is not known with certainty. Brett suggests that John Hardy, a civil engineer who was appointed company architect in 1881, may have carried out some work in Bessbrook in the 1860s, however his role may have been limited to the expansion of the mill buildings. The terraces along Charlemont Square were built by masons and joiners employed by the Bessbrook Spinning Company. The Natural Stone Database records that the houses were built of Newry Granodiorite. This granite was utilised in the masonry of most buildings at Bessbrook and was produced locally at a quarry opened on the former Charlemont Estate (granite from the Bessbrook Quarry is of a high quality and was used to build Manchester Town Hall and the great steps of St. George’s Hall in Liverpool). Charlemont Square was not depicted on the second edition Ordnance Survey map (1861) but construction of the buildings along the square had commenced by 1862. In that year, Griffith’s Valuation noted that Charlemont Square West (captioned ‘new row’) was the only side of the square to have been completed but that each of the 26 buildings along its length remained unoccupied. The remainder of the buildings along the square were completed (and occupied) by at least 1866, according to the Annual Revisions (Brett, p. 243; NSD). Each house at Bessbrook was owned by the Bessbrook Spinning Company and possessed between three and five rooms. The occupants of the houses were required to adhere to a number of clauses regarding their lease. Bassett states that each house in Bessbrook possessed ‘a garden [or yard] containing an eighth of an acre, and when the tenant enters into possession he is required to sign an agreement which contains certain stipulations in regard to the keeping of fowl and pigs, so that they may not be found in the quarters occupied by the family or in the yard. He can have a pig-stye and fowl-run in the garden if he pleases. Another binding clause places him under obligation to send his children to school until they are old enough for mill work’ (Bassett; Harrison, p. 16). No. 4 Charlemont Square West, a two-storey two-bay terraced house, was constructed in c. 1862. The Annual Revisions record that the house was initially let by the Bessbrook Spinning Co. to a Mr. James McParland and was valued at £5 and 10 shillings. The occupants of the house changed with frequency over the following decades, however its value remained unaltered until the 1950s. The building was depicted on the Ordnance Survey Town Plan of Bessbrook (1906) along its current layout. The Census of Ireland records that, in 1911, No. 4 Charlemont Square West was occupied by Thomas Cairns, a general labourer whose daughter was employed at Richardson’s factory as a linen weaver. The census building return described the house as a 2nd class dwelling that consisted of five rooms. Under the First General Revaluation of Property in Northern Ireland (1936-57) No. 4 Charlemont Square West was occupied by a Ms. Annie Lockhart whose family remained at the address until at least the 1970s. During the 20th century the mill at Bessbrook continued to expand gaining the Bessbrook Spinning Co. international fame. During the Second World War the mill workers were tasked with supplying cloth for uniforms. The Bessbrook Spinning Co. continued to retain ownership of housing in Bessbrook until the 1960s when the dwellings along Charlemont Square began to be sold to private individuals and firms (the majority of the houses along the square were purchased by C. R. Morrow, a local car and farm machinery dealer, in c. 1970). The sale of property at Bessbrook was necessitated by the post-war downturn in the local textile market which foreshadowed the closure of the mill in 1972 (the building was subsequently occupied by the British Army – see HB16/22/039). No. 4 Charlemont Square West was purchased outright by C. R. Morrow in 1970 and was increased in value to £7 and 10 shillings under the Second General Revaluation (1956-72). No. 4 Charlemont Square West was listed in 1981 and was included in the Bessbrook Conservation Area which was designated in 1983 in recognition of Bessbrook’s ‘historical significance as a planned mill village and its distinct form and character.’ The Conservation Area Guide notes that the carefully planned development of Bessbrook, including the uniform terraces at Charlemont Square and College Square, influenced the design of the famous English model villages at Saltaire (1852), Port Sunlight (1888) and Bourneville (developed by the Cadbury family in 1895) ‘which have directly influenced town and country planning all over the world’ (Bessbrook Conservation Area Guide). The NIEA HB Records note that the two-storey extension was constructed to the rear of No. 4 Charlemont Square West in c. 2002. During the Second Survey the building continued to be utilised as a private dwelling and retained its original Victorian character (despite the addition of its rear return). References Primary Sources 1. PRONI OS/6/2/26/1 – First Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1834-35) 2. PRONI OS/6/2/26/2 – Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1861) 3. PRONI OS/6/2/26/3 – Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1906) 4. PRONI OS/8/31/3 – Ordnance Survey Town Plan (1906) 5. PRONI VAL/2/B/2/37D – Griffith’s Valuation (1862) 6. PRONI VAL/12/B/15/6A-6J – Annual Revisions (1866-1929) 7. PRONI VAL/12/B/15/4A – Annual Revisions (1924-29) 8. PRONI VAL/3/C/2/12 – First General Revaluation of Property in Northern Ireland (1936-57) 9. PRONI VAL/4/B/2/20 – Second General Revaluation of Property in Northern Ireland (1956-72) 10. George Bassett: The Book of County Armagh (1888) 11. Ulster Town Directories (1861-1918) 12. Census of Ireland (1901: 1911) 13. First Survey Record – HB16/22/004 (1969) 14. NIEA HB Record – HB16/22/004D Secondary Sources 1. ‘Bessbrook: A record of industry in a Northern Ireland village community and of a social experiment, 1845-1945’ Belfast: Nicholson & Bass Ltd., 1945. 2. Brett, C. E. B., ‘Buildings of County Armagh’ Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, 1999. 3. Harrison, R., ‘The Richardson’s of Bessbrook: Ulster Quakers in the linen industry (1845-1921)’ Dublin: Original Writing Ltd., 2008. 4. ‘Bessbrook Conservation Area Guide’ Belfast: Department of the Environment (N. I.), 1983. Online Resources 1. Natural Stone Database - http:// www.stonedatabase.com/ 2. Dictionary of Ulster Biography - http:// www.ulsterbiography.co.uk/

Criteria for Listing

Architectural Interest

A. Style B. Proportion C. Ornamentation D. Plan Form H-. Alterations detracting from building J. Setting K. Group value

Historic Interest

W. Northern Ireland/International Interest Y. Social, Cultural or Economic Importance Z. Rarity R. Age S. Authenticity T. Historic Importance U. Historic Associations

Evaluation

A modest two-storey two-bay mid-Victorian mid-terrace house, built c.1862 to designs by an unknown architect and located on Charlemont Square West, Bessbrook. Well proportioned in Newry granite with brick surrounds; the building retains its external character, despite replacement of some internal fittings and addition of a large two-storey rear return. One of twenty-six houses which together form the western terrace of Charlemont Square (HB16/22/004A-Z); a formally designed and planned mid-Victorian square consisting of 66 buildings in total (also HB16/22/003A-H, HB16/22/002A-ZZ & HB16/22/001A-E), arranged on three sides around a central green. The building and its neighbouring terrace houses form an important group in the village. The local historical and social importance of the Bessbrook squares is well recognised; both as a model village based on Quaker ideological beliefs and also with their connection to general industry and trade surrounding Bessbrook Mill (HB16/22/39). Internationally significant as part of an early planned mill village begun in the 1840s by the prominent linen merchant John Grubb Richardson (1813-1891) from Lambeg and contemporary to the other English model villages of Port Sunlight (1888) and Bourneville (1895), which latterly went on to contribute to 'town and country planning all over the world'.

General Comments

Date of Survey

18 November 2014